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St. Clair Drake
John Gibbs St. Clair Drake (January 2, 1911 – June 15, 1990〔Calloway, Earl (June 28, 1990). "Memorial services held for Dr. Drake, noted author and Roosevelt professor." ''Chicago Defender'', p. 10.〕) was an African-American sociologist and anthropologist whose scholarship and activism led him to document much of the social turmoil of the 1960s, establish some of the first Black Studies programs in American universities, and contribute to the independence movement in Ghana. Drake often wrote about challenges and achievements in race relations as a result of his extensive research. While studying at University of Chicago, in 1945 Drake co-authored with Horace R. Cayton, Jr. the work ''Black Metropolis'', a landmark study of race and urban life in Chicago. Drake was one of the first African-American faculty members at Roosevelt University in Chicago, at a time when academic opportunities for Black scholars were usually limited to historically black colleges and universities. He continued his research while a professor at Roosevelt for 23 years, before leaving to found the African and African American Studies program at Stanford University.〔George C. Bond and St. Clair Drake, "A Social Portrait of John Gibbs St. Clair Drake," ''American Ethnologist'', 15(4), 1988, pp. 762–781.〕 A major element in his career was an interest in Africa and the pan-African movement, which sprang from his dissertation work with immigrants from Africa living in the United Kingdom, and was expanded upon during his later research projects conducted in West Africa. Ultimately he spent years working in the newly independent country of Ghana as an academic and an informal advisor to the national government there, before his return to the United States and his academic career in that country.
==Early life and education==
John Gibbs St. Clair Drake was born in Suffolk, Virginia on January 2, 1911. Later in life, including professionally, he went by his last name only, St. Clair Drake. His father immigrated to the United States from Barbados in the British West Indies; he became a Baptist minister and an international organizer for Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association.〔"Drake, St. Clair." William A. Darity, Jr. (ed.), ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences'', 2nd edition. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 442–443. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. October 17, 2013.〕 His father's devout religious faith did not allow for activities like dancing, going to the movies, or using playing cards, all of which were forbidden to Drake in his childhood. Drake's mother, Bessie Lee, was a native of Staunton, Virginia. When Drake was two years old, the family moved to Harrisburg, Virginia, when his father decided it would be best for the family to join the many African Americans who were then moving northward. During his childhood, St. Clair lived in a multi-ethnic neighborhood. He recalled that his understanding of race and prejudice was vague, but at least one of his fights occurred when he was insulted about the color of his skin.
Drake attended elementary school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he remained through the 7th grade. Drake then returned to Virginia to attend high school. He inevitably learned "the facts of Southern life", and in his first contact with the Negro press, he remarked: "It was rather exciting, this learning that one is a Negro and what it means – also rather frustrating."〔"St. Clair Drake", Biographical Sketch, St. Clair Drake Papers, Roosevelt University Archives, Chicago.〕 At this time, with the encouragement of his teachers, he began to write poetry, generally about nature. That same year, he also edited the school yearbook. He completed high school in three years.
In 1927, Drake left Staunton, Virginia to attend Hampton Institute (now Hampton University). Hampton's appeal, according to Drake, was its offer to allow students to work their way through college. Drake met the cost of his education by working as a waiter and then as a front desk clerk at the Holly Tree Guesthouse. Both of these forms of employment were segregated jobs, intended only for black workers. Drake was almost immediately dissatisfied with the faculty's "civilizing mission" attitude, which he attributed to the intellectual legacy of Booker T. Washington, and he complained that the Institute's faculty did not include any African-Americans among its full professors. Drake and other Hampton students engaged in a strike beginning on October 9, 1927, only a few weeks after Drake arrived on campus.〔Baber, Willie L. (1999), "St. Clair Drake", in Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison (eds), ''African-American Pioneers in Anthropology'', Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, pp. 196–198.〕 While the list of student demands exceeded sixty specific points, many of them dealt with the need for more black teachers, higher academic standards, the dismissal of racist and unqualified faculty, an end to various strict disciplinary policies, and amnesty for those involved in the strike. Due to the intervention of administrators and parents, the strike ended in defeat. But as scholar Andrew Rosa concluded, the "administration lost the war."〔Andrew J. Rosa, "New Negroes on Campus: St. Clair Drake and the Culture of Education, Reform, and Rebellion at Hampton Institute," ''History of Education Quarterly'' 53, no. 3 (August 2013): 203–232.〕 Many reforms eventually became implemented, and Drake flourished at the college over the next three years there. In the course of his studies at Hampton, Drake served as the president of the student body, led the college chapter of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, became the editor of the ''Hampton Script'', and even played on the college's soccer team.〔 He graduated from Hampton in 1931 with a B.S in Biology and a minor in English.〔
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